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30th September 2009
Copyright (c) 2009 Aiham Shujaa
Ensuring requested opt-in email is delivered to subscriber inboxes is an increasingly difficult battle in the age of spam filtering. Open and click thru response rates can be dramatically affected by as much as 20-30% du... Read >
Author: Aiham Shujaa30th September 2009
If you have that particular email that you need to send to the masses without having too much hassle, it can be wise to consider investing in bulk email software that could cater for your needs. However, if you are new to the entire concept of emailing in... Read >
Author: Rob Cole25th September 2009
Sometimes the benefits of email marketing are quite different than anticipated. Most Internet marketers understand the basic concept of email marketing which is to email promotional materials to a large group of Internet users to promote an interest in yo... Read >
Author: terry detty08th September 2009
The most common use of a spam filter is for the removal of spam and computer viruses. Another less common use of a spam filter is to inspect outgoing emails to ensure that companies comply with appropriate laws. Spam is an annoyance that has been around a... Read >
Author: santosh bhol07th September 2009
Emails are a lot more useful without spam. It is a real nightmare to open the inbox and find dozens if not hundreds of spam messages and start sorting them to identify valuable mail from unsolicited messages. There are tools, tactics and strategies that c... Read >
Author: Robert Bell07th September 2009
Is or isn't a message spam? This is how a spam filter test works. There are people who need a spam filter test in particular in order to conduct their activities. Web developers that conduct email marketing campaigns will first work with such programs to ... Read >
Author: Robert Bell07th September 2009
Penis enlargement is big business. One only has to look through the spam filter of any email account or surf the Internet for a few minutes before faced with multiple advertisements for penis growth. Outwardly, many men scoff at these ads, while inwardly ... Read >
Author: farlow353421st August 2009
In order to eliminate spam email, lot of companies use some strong Business Email Spam filters. These emails could be cut-rate sales promotional material mails promoting some services or products to people coming from commercial websites. Sometimes open... Read >
Author: Tariq Ghazi07th August 2009
In today’s modern world, enterprises crave for innovation, proficiency and agility. Companies work for ways to reach to their clients. These ways are many starts from online banner advertisements to sign boards. Email marketing is one such method. In th... Read >
Author: emailsmartz0104th August 2009
In the world of electronic mail, spam is the biggest and most important problem. Although it used to be not a danger at all, now it is becoming one. Now, in every ten e-mails in the world, seven are actually spam, which congest inboxes with rubbish cont... Read >
Author: joalesto31st July 2009
The first thing we do when we come back from work, right after parking the car and just before saying "honey, I'm home!" is visiting our mailbox. Although emails are a major part of our daily communication habits, the good old mailbox did not loose its gl... Read >
Author: Mark Etinger29th July 2009
CRE Loaded Shopping cart offers services including, including logo design, website design, hosting and support specifically tailored to the marketing needs of small business owners looking for a strong internet presense.CRE Loaded Templates has designed m... Read >
Author: Level Ten Hosting26th July 2009
If you want to take an advance step in your online business you need to hire an IT support company who will manage the support part of your business. You may get confused while choosing. There are a number of IT support companies in the market and you may... Read >
Author: Sarah N Jones1929th June 2009
To run a network for business or for personal use you require certain security measures. It is highly important to protect your personal data from the unlawful infiltration and for securing the vital information from hackers you must have software which h... Read >
Author: Jhoana_Cooper22nd June 2009
An increasing number of businesses these days are switching on to exchange hosting. These services are typically provided by established application hosting and web hosting providers. This is one application that anyone who wants to start doing business o... Read >
Author: Ashish12th June 2009
Email marketing seems like a simple and cost effective way to reach a large group of potential customers. And the truth is, email marketing can be very effective. If, and only if, the people receiving your emails actually open your message and read it. We... Read >
Author: David nalin12th June 2009
Email marketing seems like a simple and cost effective way to reach a large group of potential customers. And the truth is, email marketing can be very effective. If, and only if, the people receiving your emails actually open your message and read it. We... Read >
Author: David nalin13th May 2009
Most of us get to know about website networks every new day through one form or another. Often you might be reasoning about why such companies would own such large website farms.
The answer for the question is pretty simple = to get many backlinks to ... Read >
Author: seo_host07th May 2009
The first job for any ad is to stop people in their tracks, and gain their attention. After all, your ad can't work if nobody sees it.
The advertising industry uses all sorts of tricks to draw people in and take a look at an ad. Take a look in any news... Read >
Author: Wayne Davies06th May 2009
PowerSellers have discovered some tools they’ve found useful in helping them provide great support for their customers. Some of these they recommend to you, and you might also find them useful. Others you’ll want to keep in mind and bring into your bu... Read >
Author: qzpcredit17th April 2009
You may be a very good newsletter publisher in your niche and you may publish only great content ... Everything is in vain if your emails don't arrive at the intended recipients. Content is king indeed, but you must make your best effors to deliver it pro... Read >
Author: Adrian Jock08th April 2009
For marketers who send emails on a regular basis, spam filters are the scourge of many a campaign.
Not only do an average 10 to 20% of emails sent become victims of spam blocker software, but even permission-based emails can get filtered out of in-box... Read >
Author: Nicola Brown31st March 2009
• Most Bass Fishing Christmas Gift Cards are delivered within four hours if ordered during normal business hours. Otherwise they may take 4 to 24 hours to be delivered.
• These gift cards are usually delivered without any problems. However, a ful... Read >
Author: The Bodybuilding Trainer25th March 2009
There are several different reasons. You may want to trace an e-mail address. It is becoming more commonplace for people to try to trace e-mail addresses. In this article we will look at four reasons why you may want to trace one.
There are many differ... Read >
Author: Ed Opperman 03rd March 2009
If you cannot get enough of deleting spam from your Inbox every morning when you login to your email, you need to just follow these simple steps and you can keep your email chock-full of spam. You can be the envy of all of your friends.
If you love re... Read >
Author: Jeff Mulligan23rd February 2009
Ask anyone you know if they like spam and they will probably give you an incredulous look. Now, ask those same people if they have a spam filter or blocker on their email marketing software. Most likely, everyone will respond that they do. Once you have t... Read >
Author: Aaron Goldberg13th February 2009
It's well known that if you want to succeed online you will need your own mailing list. This is a list of many potential prospects that you can contact at a moments notice to promote you new products or websites and even other people product using an affi... Read >
Author: James Racine01st February 2009
The first place I look at when I check my email is the From line to see who it's from. If its from someone I know then I open it up immediately. Unless its from someone I know but don't want to deal with and then I let it wait. I'm not looking to get rich... Read >
Author: Vanson Tan21st January 2009
Technology has created a wide array of possibilities for consumers
to socialize, network, buy, get information etc. etc. Since these
consumers are in total control over the information they receive
this same technology has made it more difficult for... Read >
Author: tgrundstrom20th January 2009
As much as Google *pretends* to like SEOs by inviting us to parties at the Googleplex and posting on SEO forums, the bottom line is that they don’t like us — or rather, they don’t like what we do. Google wants to find the best, most relevant sites f... Read >
Author: amritjan200917th January 2009
Internet has brought about many changes to the way we conduct business. One of the major impacts in this regard has been the position of an administrative assistant – now virtual assistant. Many business owners would be tempted to opt for these VAs to h... Read >
Author: sachin17th January 2009
Internet has brought about many changes to the way we conduct business. One of the major impacts in this regard has been the position of an administrative assistant – now virtual assistant. Many business owners would be tempted to opt for these VAs to h... Read >
Author: Sachin Gupta02nd December 2008
Spam software is one of the most commonly employed tools against spam. There are many available spam softwares in the market today. They make use of a variety of methods and techniques. In choosing the right spam software for your company, you should at l... Read >
Author: David Done01st December 2008
The number one form of communication in the internet is email. Therefore, if you have a personalized email account, you will have a big advantage for you business as it will signify the image and position of your business.
With the email hosting p... Read >
Author: Claudia Walters30th November 2008
Unless you have been living under a rock or in a cave in recent years, you are probably aware that identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes of this century. That said, it is truly both amazing and alarming that more people are not using method... Read >
Author: Jon Arnold11th November 2008
If you are reading this article than you are in the same boat I was. You are in a network marketing company (or MLM) and are struggling to make it work. You joined your company with high hopes and aspirations only to find out it was not as easy as your ... Read >
Author: TheEnergyBiz05th November 2008
This is definitely a truth that should apply to internet marketing. If marketers across the board committed to this truth, it would reduce the amount of work we do deleting spam and wasting our time doing tasks that don't make us any money. "Do Unto Other... Read >
Author: parmodkumar31st October 2008
Creating an Anti Spam Culture
Dealing with Spam mail is probably one of the toughest things that email users will have to deal with in their daily activities.
Active surfers are the first ones to suffer a gigantic landslide of unwanted emails adver... Read >
Author: David Done01st October 2008
What is the ideal of a spam filter?
Once a person connects to the internet, a whole new world opens, within the boundaries of this world there are good, bad and obnoxious things, and one of such is (http://www.spamsoap.com/test-study)Spam mail.
An... Read >
Author: David Done16th September 2008
Are you all ready to hit the "Go" button on your MLM email marketing campaign? If so, then stop! Back away from the "Go" button and read these three free tips before you launch your campaign. These three tips will not only jump start your campaign but wil... Read >
Author: Stephanie Yeh08th September 2008
Word Of Mouth Marketing Stemming From Email Marketing
Sometimes the benefits of email marketing are quite different than anticipated. Most Internet marketers understand the basic concept of email marketing which is to email promotional materials to a l... Read >
Author: Harry08th September 2008
There is hardly a person today, who has not heard of all the viruses and it is good that many people run an antivirus program. Scan and remove viruses software can run in the background and you may not even know they are there. And arguably the worst atta... Read >
Author: ron765005th September 2008
Now-a-days Email plays an important role in business. With the help of email we can schedule meetings, assign tasks, answer questions, receive product orders, check progress and exchange friendly greetings even communicate among customers, employees and b... Read >
Author: Cathey04th September 2008
Now-a-days Email plays an important role in business. With the help of email we can schedule meetings, assign tasks, answer questions, receive product orders, check progress and exchange friendly greetings even communicate among customers, employees and b... Read >
Author: Cathey06th June 2008
Promoting a blog is quite different from promoting a static website, the differences often benefit the blog owner because this publishing platform offers a lot more options when it is compared to traditional content management system or a manually updated... Read >
Author: John Sern06th June 2008
There are many ways of going about good SEO. Website design is a big part of it. You must understand that search engine rankings are not just about keyword searches. Search engine rankings are also about strategic website design and good copywriting. Webs... Read >
Author: Fresh Content06th June 2008
There are many ways of going about good SEO. Website design is a big part of it. You must understand that search engine rankings are not just about keyword searches. Search engine rankings are also about strategic website design and good copywriting. Webs... Read >
Author: Fresh Content23rd May 2008
Steps to Reducing SPAM in Your Inbox
Spam first made its mark in the world in 1978 when Gary Thuerk, Marketing Director of Digital Equipment Technology sent an email solicitation to 400 employees at Arpnet. The email created a few sales, but it also cr... Read >
Author: Salieri21st May 2008
If you're worried about your marketing message getting lost in a deluge of e-mail or stuck in a spam filter, try a postcard instead. It won't get filtered out, and your message gets directly to your prospect. In fact, a marketer at a Web domain registrati... Read >
Author: Jodi Kaplan02nd May 2008
It's starting to get crazy. It used to be a pleasure to get your email. Now it is a chore having to wade through dozens, even hundreds of unwanted email messages a day. Spam has reached epidemic proportions. Here are 5 things that you can do to cut do... Read >
Author: Paul Elms06th April 2008
Mobile phones are not just for calling and sending text messages anymore they come equip with all sorts of gadgets, such as cameras, mobile internet, and mp3 players! Everything you could ever want right? Wrong! People want all sorts of features on the... Read >
Author: JGray02nd April 2008
Just think of the time that is wasted every business day going through garbage emails. Even if everyone just spends 10 minutes each day filtering out junk emails, the cost to industry runs into millions of dollars a day. But there are ways that you can ... Read >
Author: Paul Elms10th March 2008
Copyright (c) 2008 Jim Edwards
One of the biggest problems anyone faces online involves too much to do and not enough time to get it done! I'm not talking about the casual Internet user who jumps online as a form of entertainment to check email, use Sk... Read >
Author: Jim Edwards07th March 2008
If you are anything like me, you are bombarded with email. In Particular, you get messages from clients, spammers, friends, family and associations or groups of which you are a member. Without proper preparation for such a massive amount of email, you m... Read >
Author: KyliEvie26th February 2008
Since the introduction of the Internet to the public, spam has been in existence and has become more and more of a growing concern and problem. Everyone who uses the Internet, especially with an email account has probably experienced a form of spam. I don... Read >
Author: Helen31st January 2008
Spam emails are one of the main annoyances to Internet users. Anyone who has an email address and is an internet user has more than likely experienced spam at some point. The more you use the Internet and the more chat based web sites that you have intera... Read >
Author: Helen22nd January 2008
Communication is the foundation of your relationship. Without it, you can't really have much of a relationship--just imagine how futile it is to build a house on quicksand rather than concrete. And with healthy, reciprocal communication, your marriage or... Read >
Author: Dr. Richard Nicastro22nd January 2008
The 6233 from Nokia is a sleek and compact handset with which not only can you stay connected to the world but also have lots of fun. This eye-catching handset is available in a high-gloss black-finish or stainless-steel silver coloured façade. The 6233 ... Read >
Author: Alice Erin21st January 2008
Spam Filters are there to help you block unwanted and unsolicited emails that come through to your inbox. Spam has a variety of names from spam mail, to bulk email to junk mail. Due to such a high amount of spam being sent these days they say every othe... Read >
Author: Jene18th January 2008
There are several different reasons. You may want to trace an e-mail address. It is becoming more commonplace for people to try to trace e-mail addresses. In this article we will look at four reasons why you may want to trace one.
There are many differ... Read >
Author: Ed Opperman 06th November 2007
The usage and utility of mobile phones have gone up over the years. From being a communication device, handsets have gone tremendous change and today allow mobile users to do many other things with it. There are handsets which have features to entertain l... Read >
Author: Matt Sharp30th October 2007
Spam isn’t limited to the harmless email chain we’ve all been guilty of sending to friends and family members. Many of us feel that receiving email spam is a lost cause and we’re sentenced to cleaning our inboxes out each morning. Though completely ... Read >
Author: StarReviews10th September 2007
Cloudmark is one of the most effective anti-spam products available in the market. In the present world, internet is the core of communication, and the security of internet communication is as essential as your personal security. The only method to preven... Read >
Author: Domen Lombergar14th August 2007
Copyright (c) 2007 Robin Rushlo
Don't let your email end up in the spam filter box. This study shows what consumers are doing with your inbound email messages.
Email volume was up slightly from last year's levels, although the ratio of spam (56 perc... Read >
Author: Blindguy5505th July 2007
If you are new to the paid survey world, please follow my step-to-step instructions to get a quick and good start:
1. Remember do NOT pay anyone to do paid online surveys whatsoever. Legitimate paid survey and market research companies will NOT charge ... Read >
Author: Mei Lynn27th June 2007
With simply a computer and a connection to the world wide web you can access millions of Web servers, e-mail addresses, and a plethora of other vast and expanding new technologies but, it's not completely safe. Both your PC and personal information is at ... Read >
Author: DaveRoss05th June 2007
Here are a few basics of what this broad subject has to offer up to any individual who wants to know more about it.
No, it's not just you. The level of trash e-send is increase out of direction. Don't be ashamed if now you actually accept more spam tha... Read >
Author: voraphong phengtong11th May 2007
Spam filter’s objective is to clear your inbox from unwanted messages. This is primarily done by analyzing the received email and marking it as spam or legitimate. The analysis varies depending on the type of filter used – content-based filter, whitel... Read >
Author: Roderick Suganob18th April 2007
Spam is a serious issue in the internet community, if a spammer targets your inbox with an email infected with a virus or Trojan you could lose every megabyte of information stored on your computer. The scary part is, that its really easy to open an infec... Read >
Author: Jennifer Wilson11th April 2007
Whether you are a business user or a home user the one thing which bothers you most and keep filling your inbox is loads of spam you get everyday. And sometimes whatever methods you apply there seems no end to the flow of spam which keeps finding its way ... Read >
Author: Anand Dongre04th April 2007
Somewhere around 1978 when the Internet was just beginning to grow the first spam appeared. People were unable to identify the source of these unsolicited emails and in time the problem became more serious. Today, it is one of the most worrying issues and... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
The Internet is considered by many people the invention of the century and it has certainly brought to a lot of advantages. Nevertheless, we are dominated by this virtual world using it as a primary source of information and entertainment. Along with the ... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
A large number of companies have experimented different tools for removing unwanted e-mail both on their employees, and on their own network, consuming a great deal of time and resources. Recent studies have discovered that few companies do not have speci... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
The concept of advertising has lost its fairness when it comes to Internet spamming, or spamming of any sort for that matter. It is a form of abuse, and there is no better way to prove it than the immense number of spam flowing over the Internet.
It ... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
The notion of ‘spam’ designates any e-mail message that you never asked to receive. It is, essentially, a form of abuse, since these e-mails are unessential for the receiver. In modern times, the phenomenon has reached such proportions that almost one... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
The concept of advertising has lost its fairness when it comes to Internet spamming, or spamming of any sort for that matter. It is a form of abuse, and there is no better way to prove it than the immense number of spam flowing over the Internet.
It mi... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson04th April 2007
Spam has rapidly evolved from simple e-mails to a contagious “epidemics”. The impressive volume of spam often prevents the good development of any e-mail based activity and, in most of the cases, behind these unwanted messages stands the attempt to at... Read >
Author: Clint Jhonson12th March 2007
The spam blockers are the best way to kill spam. They work with the help of pre programmed configurations and filters out the junk mails. Spam is effectively blocked by spam blockers like SpamArrest, Qurb, MailWasher Pro, and more to give you a spam free ... Read >
Author: Paton Jackson06th March 2007
Spam filter’s objective is to clear your inbox from unwanted messages. This is primarily done by analyzing the received email and marking it as spam or legitimate. The analysis varies depending on the type of filter used – content-based filter, white... Read >
Author: Rod02nd March 2007
On daily basis many people around the world are facing growing email SPAMing issues. A SPAM is nothing but an unsolicited email received from an unknown person. Any organization can be affected with this SPAM. Thousands of emails are being dropped in th... Read >
Author: Ted Peterson02nd March 2007
Online marketers know the importance of internet marketing campaign. Most marketers, if not all are convinced that good marketing strategy is the key for their companies’ progress. Online marketing campaign aims to promote product or service to prospec... Read >
Author: Rod19th February 2007
Do you ever feel like twenty-four hours in a day isn’t enough? I frequently find myself wishing that I had an extra hour or two each day to get done all of the things on my task list. With small children still at home, I am constantly getting distracted... Read >
Author: Jill Hart09th February 2007
I've spent hours, upon hours and more hours trying to find good companies and sites that produce what I've heard about, making "extra money" or "lots of money" by taking online surveys. Yes, I have been ripped off. Not just in monetary means, but more imp... Read >
Author: Mark Morse03rd February 2007
Phishing, according to Wikipedia, is “attempting to fraudulently acquire sensitive information by masquerading as a trustworthy business in an electronic communication.”
You may receive an email that looks like it came from your bank, or from eBay,... Read >
Author: Larry Spinak12th January 2007
How to Make Money from SpamBy Paul UhlYou can profit from spam. First, I want it to be clear,however, I consider spam to be the lowest form ofmarketing. It really isn't marketing at all actually,because most people think of it as a nuisance and deleteit.M... Read >
Paul Uhl
11th January 2007
Do you spend most of your time in front of a computer? If you do, then you belong to the millions of other individuals who work with a computer in this day and age. A lot of people are now using computers to do a variety of tasks for a company or privatel... Read >
Author: Morgan Hamilton07th January 2007
1.Upgrade your Spam Filters~ Go to Google.com and get a good filter to relieve you from all that unsolicited spam. According to Jupiter Research we will receive 1,400 junk e-mails a year by the year 2006. Get a good Spam filter today.
2.Scan your M... Read >
Author: Diana Long M.S.ACC06th January 2007
E-mail marketing; let's just think about that for a moment! Put the credit card away, take a few minutes to collect your thoughts, and seriously consider the question posed in the title of this article. Then read on and take everything in.
OK so I want... Read >
Author: Thomas Holmshaw11th December 2006
Here are 10 secrets and tips for writing a better �Solo Advertisement'. This is part 1 of 3 articles that should be very helpful with improving all your advertising. This article is just the beginning. In parts 2 and 3 we'll get into more advanced secre... Read >
Author: Duane Marx16th November 2006
"You've Got Mail" was playing on TNT the other night. The 1990s movie reminded me of the long forgotten sounds of the AOL modem dialing up, followed by the sound of the static with the occasional shift in tones. And who could forget the yellow AOL man n... Read >
Author: Veronica Mun24th July 2006
Remember the days when your inbox seemed like a constant influx of spam and other sorts of junk mail? Every day your inbox filled up with the most useless messages ranging from "Congratulations!!! You've just won $1,000,000" to "Want to enhance your." It... Read >
Author: Nathan Kully21st May 2006
Chances are you could be missing important business opportunities if your email Inbox utilizes a spam filter. Take a few minutes now to investigate your email screening procedures for messages received from unknown senders. You might even discover a new... Read >
Author: Margaret Grisdela15th May 2006
You must be eagerly finding for a way out to stop receiving Spam mails in your inbox. Take a quick look at email spam filters to get some idea on how to check spam. There are a number of email spam filters that you can use in your computer. For official p... Read >
Author: Paton Jackson06th April 2006
By Mike Pavlish, Profit Boosters Copywriting
My copywriters and I have written hundreds of breakthrough response, money-making emails and online Marketing promotions.
Here's what we've found works best. Use these tips properly and your ... Read >
Author: Mike Pavlish31st January 2006
If you are a business owner and you rely on email, spam is going to be a major concern. How you address it can make a big difference in employee efficiency. Email spam has been a nuisance and has gotten even worse over the last several years. Email spa... Read >
Author: John Tourloukis14th January 2006
Have you jumped into the exciting world of teleseminars? Teleseminars provide an exceptional business opportunity for any entrepreneurial minded individual. Although you will create a "product" from your teleseminar, a major factor in your teleseminar s... Read >
Author: Matt Bacak05th January 2006
Those of us plagued by the onslaught of tens if not hundreds of unwanted emails greeting us as we open up our email accounts have some hope for respite in the form of Bayesian spam filters. For years spammers have been able to remain one step ahead of sp... Read >
Author: Sara Anderwahl11th December 2005
by Karon Thackston 2005
http://www.marketingwords.com/emailmktg2006.html
I have to admit, I'm a data freak. I love to see surveys and studies that show user behavior. That's just what this new report from Marketing Sherpa delivers with regard to ... Read >
Author: Karon Thackston16th November 2005
Ways Of Deceiving Spam Filters
by: William R. Nabaza of http://www.Nabaza.com
Spam filters or spam blockers or spam eliminators have one purpose and that is to block, ban, delete unwanted, unsolicited commercial email and prevent them from entering yo... Read >
Author: William Nabaza03rd October 2005
It seems that more and more people are interested in setting up their own small or homebased business these days. Current figures indicate that, in the USA alone, there are over 25,000,000 people operating a home based business. And just in case you think... Read >
Author: Hamish Hayward26th July 2005
A new release of Spam Blocker from Softinform Version 2.1
One of the major problems in the Internet is nothing more nor less than unwanted advertising letters, also known as "spam" - wasted incoming megabytes of information. The mail server filters blo... Read >
Author: Max Maglias19th June 2005
It seems that more and more people are interested in setting up their own small or homebased business these days. Current figures indicate that, in the USA alone, there are over 25,000,000 people operating a home based business. And just in case you think... Read >
Author: Hamish Hayward08th May 2005
It's hard to get your email through to clients, friends and family with all the Spam Filtering going on these days. If you are a Home Based Business owner that sends out a newsletter regularly you'll want to keep the following tips in mind to make certai... Read >
Author: Tim Somers07th May 2005
It's hard to get your email through to clients, friends and family with all the Spam Filtering going on these days. If you are a Home Based Business owner that sends out a newsletter regularly you'll want to keep the following tips in mind to make certai... Read >
Author: Tim Somers15th January 2005
Copyright 2005 Willie Crawford
You've probably read 1000 times that "the money's in the list." If you're an Internet or email marketer, that's only partly true. The truth is that the money is in properly written emails, that get delivered to your list... Read >
Author: Willie Crawford
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